Publications

Variations in water use at short time scales, seconds to minutes, produce variation in transport of solutes through a water supply network. However, the degree to which short term variations in demand influence the solute concentrations at different locations in the network is poorly understood. Here we examine the effect of variability in demand on advective transport of a conservative solute (e.g. chloride) through a water supply network by defining the demand at each node in the model as a stochastic process. The stochastic demands are generated using a Poisson rectangular pulse (PRP) model for the case of a dead-end water line serving 20 homes represented as a single node. The simple dead-end network model is used to examine the variation in Reynolds number, the proportion of time that there is no flow (i.e., stagnant conditions, in the pipe) and the travel time defined as the time for cumulative demand to equal the volume of water in 1000 feet of pipe. Changes in these performance measures are examined as the fine scale demand functions are aggregated over larger and larger time scales. Results are compared to previously developed analytical expressions for the first and second moments of these three performance measures. A new approach to predict the reduction in variance of the performance measures based on perturbation theory is presented and compared to the results of the numerical simulations. The distribution of travel time is relatively consistent across time scales until the time step approaches that of the travel time. However, the proportion of stagnant flow periods decreases rapidly as the simulation time step increases. Both sets of analytical expressions are capable of providing adequate, first-order predictions of the simulation results.

Abstract not provided.

Surface and groundwater resources do not recognize political boundaries. Where nature and boundary cross, tension over shared water resources can erupt. Such tension is exacerbated in regions where demand approaches or exceeds sustainable supplies of water. Establishing equitable management strategies can help prevent and resolve conflict over shared water resources. This paper describes a methodology for addressing transboundary water issues predicated on the integration of monitoring and modeling within a framework of cooperation. Cooperative monitoring begins with agreement by international scientists and/or policy makers on transboundary monitoring goals and strategies; it leads to the process of obtaining and sharing agreed-upon information among parties with the purpose of providing verifiable and secure data. Cooperative modeling is the process by which the parties jointly interpret the data, forecast future events and trends, and quantify cause and effect relationships. Together, cooperative monitoring and modeling allow for the development and assessment of alternative management and remediation strategies that could form the basis of regional watershed agreements or treaties. An example of how this multifaceted approach might be used to manage a shared water resource is presented for the Kura River basin in the Caucasus.