Publications

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Pickrell, Gregory P.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; King, Michael P.; Baca, A.G.; Klein, Brianna A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Flicker, Jack D.; Neely, Jason C.

Abstract not provided.

Allerman, A.A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Pickrell, Gregory P.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Baca, A.G.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Klein, Brianna A.; Douglas, Erica A.; King, Michael P.; Van Heukelom, Michael V.

Abstract not provided.

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology

Klein, Brianna A.; Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Miller, Mary A.; Kotula, Paul G.; Fortune, Torben R.; Abate, Vincent M.

Here, we present a low resistance, straightforward planar ohmic contact for Al_0.45Ga_0.55N/Al_0.3Ga_0.7N high electron mobility transistors. Five metal stacks (a/Al/b/Au; a = Ti, Zr, V, Nb/Ti; b = Ni, Mo, V) were evaluated at three individual annealing temperatures (850, 900, and 950°C). The Ti/Al/Ni/Au achieved the lowest specific contact resistance at a 900°C anneal temperature. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a metal-semiconductor interface of Ti-Al-Au for an ohmic (900°C anneal) and a Schottky (850°C anneal) Ti/Al/Ni/Au stack. HEMTs were fabricated using the optimized recipe with resulting contacts that had room-temperature specific contact resistances of ρ_c = 2.5 × 10^-5 Ω cm², sheet resistances of R_SH = 3.9 kΩ/$\blacksquare$, and maximum current densities of 75 mA/mm (at VGATE of 2 V). Electrical measurements from -50 to 200°C had decreasing specific contact resistance and increasing sheet resistance, with increasing temperature. These contacts enabled state-of-the-art performance of Al_0.45Ga_0.55N/Al_0.3Ga_0.7N HEMTs.

Klein, Brianna A.; Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Kotula, Paul G.; Miller, Mary A.; Reza, Shahed R.

Abstract not provided.

Allerman, A.A.; Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; King, Michael P.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Douglas, Erica A.; Klein, Brianna A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.

Abstract not provided.

Physica Status Solidi (A) Applications and Materials Science

Douglas, Erica A.; Reza, Shahed R.; Sanchez, C.; Koleske, Daniel K.; Allerman, A.A.; Klein, B.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Baca, A.G.

Due to the ultra-wide bandgap of Al-rich AlGaN, up to 5.8 eV for the structures in this study, obtaining low resistance ohmic contacts is inherently difficult to achieve. A comparative study of three different fabrication schemes is presented for obtaining ohmic contacts to an Al-rich AlGaN channel. Schottky-like behavior was observed for several different planar metallization stacks (and anneal temperatures), in addition to a dry-etch recess metallization contact scheme on Al0.85Ga0.15N/Al0.66Ga0.34N. However, a dry etch recess followed by n+-GaN regrowth fabrication process is reported as a means to obtain lower contact resistivity ohmic contacts on a Al0.85Ga0.15N/Al0.66Ga0.34N heterostructure. Specific contact resistivity of 5 × 10−3 Ω cm2 was achieved after annealing Ti/Al/Ni/Au metallization.

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology

Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Klein, Brianna A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Fortune, Torben R.

AlGaN-channel high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are among a class of ultra wide-bandgap transistors that have a bandgap greater than ~3.4 eV, beyond that of GaN and SiC, and are promising candidates for RF and power applications. Long-channel Al_xGa_1-xN HEMTs with x = 0.3 in the channel have been built and evaluated across the -50°C to +200°C temperature range. Room temperature drain current of 70 mA/mm, absent of gate leakage, and with a modest -1.3 V threshold voltage was measured. A very large I_on/I_off current ratio, greater than 10⁸ was demonstrated over the entire temperature range, indicating that off-state leakage is below the measurement limit even at 200°C. Finally, combined with near ideal subthreshold slope factor that is just 1.3× higher than the theoretical limit across the temperature range, the excellent leakage properties are an attractive characteristic for high temperature operation.

Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Klein, Brianna A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Fortune, Torben R.

Abstract not provided.

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Baca, A.G.; Flicker, Jack D.; Pickrell, Gregory P.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Klein, Brianna A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Miller, Mary A.; Leonard, Francois L.; Talin, A.A.; Celio, Kimberlee C.; Reza, Shahed R.; King, Michael P.; Vizkelethy, Gyorgy V.; Coltrin, Michael E.

Abstract not provided.

Baca, A.G.; Overberg, Mark E.; Wolfley, Steven L.; Fortune, Torben R.

Abstract not provided.

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology

Coltrin, Michael E.; Baca, A.G.; Kaplar, Robert K.

Predicted lateral power device performance as a function of alloy composition is characterized by a standard lateral device figure-of-merit (LFOM) that depends on mobility, critical electric field, and sheet carrier density. The paper presents calculations of AlGaN electron mobility in lateral devices such as HEMTs across the entire alloy composition range. Alloy scattering and optical polar phonon scattering are the dominant mechanisms limiting carrier mobility. Due to the significant degradation of mobility from alloy scattering, at room temperature Al fractions greater than about 85% are required for improved LFOM relative to GaN using a conservative sheet charge density of 1 × 1013 cm−2. However, at higher temperatures at which AlGaN power devices are anticipated to operate, this “breakeven” composition decreases to about 65% at 500 K, for example. For high-frequency applications, the Johnson figure-of-merit (JFOM) is the relevant metric to compare potential device performance across materials platforms. At room temperature, the JFOM for AlGaN alloys is predicted to surpass that of GaN for Al fractions greater than about 40%.

ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Baca, A.G.; Douglas, Erica A.

"Ultra" wide-bandgap semiconductors are an emerging class of materials with bandgaps greater than that of gallium nitride (EG >3.4 eV) that may ultimately benefit a wide range of applications, including switching power conversion, pulsed power, RF electronics, UV optoelectronics, and quantum information. This paper describes the progress made to date at Sandia National Laboratories to develop one of these materials, aluminum gallium nitride, targeted toward high-power devices. The advantageous material properties of AlGaN are reviewed, questions concerning epitaxial growth and defect physics are covered, and the processing and performance of vertical- and lateral-geometry devices are described. The paper concludes with an assessment of the outlook for AlGaN, including outstanding research opportunities and a brief discussion of other potential applications.

Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, Vacuum, Surfaces and Films

Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Baca, A.G.

Varying atomic ratios in compound semiconductors is well known to have large effects on the etching properties of the material. The use of thin device barrier layers, down to 25 nm, adds to the fabrication complexity by requiring precise control over etch rates and surface morphology. The effects of bias power and gas ratio of BCl₃ to Cl₂ for inductively coupled plasma etching of high Al content AlGaN were contrasted with AlN in this study for etch rate, selectivity, and surface morphology. Etch rates were greatly affected by both bias power and gas chemistry. Here we detail the effects of small variations in Al composition for AlGaN and show substantial changes in etch rate with regards to bias power as compared to AlN.

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Baca, A.G.

Abstract not provided.

Douglas, Erica A.; Reza, Shahed R.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Koleske, Daniel K.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Baca, A.G.

Abstract not provided.

Tierney, Brian D.; DasGupta, Sandeepan D.; Choi, Sukwon C.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Reza, Shahed R.; Agarwal, Sapan A.; Baca, A.G.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Marinella, Matthew J.

Abstract not provided.

Paisley, Elizabeth A.; Brumbach, Michael T.; Allerman, A.A.; Atcitty, Stanley A.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Baca, A.G.; Shelton, Christopher T.; LeBeau, James M.; Sachet, Edward S.; Collazo, Ramon C.; Sitar, Zlatko S.; Losego, Mark D.; Biegalski, Michael D.; Rouleau, Chris R.; Christen, Hans C.; Maria, Jon-Paul M.; Ihlefeld, Jon I.

Abstract not provided.

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Leonard, Francois L.; Talin, A.A.; King, Michael P.; Baca, A.G.; Douglas, Erica A.

Abstract not provided.

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Leonard, Francois L.; Talin, A.A.; King, Michael P.; Baca, A.G.; Douglas, Erica A.

Abstract not provided.

Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Baca, A.G.; Crawford, Mary H.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; King, Michael P.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Douglas, Erica A.

Abstract not provided.

Allerman, A.A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Baca, A.G.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; King, Michael P.; Kaplar, Robert K.; Lee, Stephen R.

Abstract not provided.

Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; King, Michael P.; Coltrin, Michael E.; Fortune, Torben R.; Kaplar, Robert K.

Abstract not provided.

Applied Physics Letters

Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; King, Michael P.; Coltrin, Michael E.; Fortune, Torben R.; Kaplar, Robert K.

An AlN barrier high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) based on the AlN/Al_0.85Ga_0.15N heterostructure was grown, fabricated, and electrically characterized, thereby extending the range of Al composition and bandgap for AlGaN channel HEMTs. An etch and regrowth procedure was implemented for source and drain contact formation. A breakdown voltage of 810 V was achieved without a gate insulator or field plate. Excellent gate leakage characteristics enabled a high I_on/I_off current ratio greater than 10⁷ and an excellent subthreshold slope of 75 mV/decade. A large Schottky barrier height of 1.74 eV contributed to these results. In conclusion, the room temperature voltage-dependent 3-terminal off-state drain current was adequately modeled with Frenkel-Poole emission.

Baca, A.G.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Allerman, A.A.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; King, Michael P.; Coltrin, Michael E.; Nordquist, Christopher N.; Fortune, Torben R.; Kaplar, Robert K.

Abstract not provided.

Kaplar, Robert K.; Allerman, A.A.; Armstrong, Andrew A.; Crawford, Mary H.; Fischer, Arthur J.; Dickerson, Jeramy R.; King, Michael P.; Baca, A.G.; Douglas, Erica A.; Sanchez, Carlos A.; Neely, Jason C.

Abstract not provided.