Publications

Visualization of Kirkendall Voids at Cu-Au Interfaces by In Situ TEM Heating Studies

Kotula, Paul G.; Prasad, Somuri V.

Gold-plated copper alloys are used extensively in electrical contacts where diffusional processes are known to cause contact degradation. An in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) heating study was carried out to provide fundamental understanding of the aging phenomena in reasonable timescales. Samples to visualize the interface in TEM were prepared by focused ion beam (FIB) microscopy and heated in situ up to 350°C while holding at intermediate temperatures to enable imaging. The grain boundaries in Au coatings, specifically the columnar boundaries, provided rapid pathways for diffusion of Cu all the way to the Au surface. This unequal diffusion created vacancies in Cu which coalesced into Kirkendall voids. This in situ technique has been applied to visualize the diffusion pathways in electroplated and sputtered Au films deposited directly on Cu, as well the role of Ni and NiP as barrier layers for mitigating Cu diffusion.