Publications

Hazard Analysis of Firefighter Interactions with Photovoltaic Arrays

Flicker, Jack D.; Lavrova, Olga A.; Quiroz, Jimmy E.; Zgonena, Tim; Jiang, Hai; Whitfield, Kent; Boyce, Kenneth; Courtney, Paul; Carr, John; Brazis, Paul

To determine risk of an electric shock to firefighter personnel due to contact with live parts of a damaged PV system, simulated PV arrays were constructed with multiple 'modules' connected to a central inverter. The results of this analysis demonstrate that ungrounded arrays are significantly safer than grounded arrays for reasonable module isolation resistances. Ungrounded arrays provide current hazards to personnel up to three orders of magnitude smaller than for a grounded array counterpart. While the size of the array does not affect the current hazard in grounded arrays for body resistances above 100,Ω, in ungrounded arrays, increased array size yields increased current hazards- considering that the overall fault current level is still significantly smaller than for grounded arrays. In both grounded and ungrounded arrays, the current hazard has a direct correlation to array voltage. Since the level of fault current in a grounded array can be significant, this work shows that the non- linearity of the array IV curve must be taken into account for body resistances below 600 Ω and array voltages above 1000V for accurate fault current determination. Although module and array isolation resistance is not a factor that modulates fault current in a grounded array, this resistance, Riso, has a significant effect on current hazard to the firefighter for ungrounded arrays.