Publications
Ex Situ Photoelectron Emission Microscopy of Polycrystalline Bismuth and Antimony Telluride Surfaces Exposed to Ambient Oxidation
The surfaces of textured polycrystalline N-type bismuth telluride and P-type antimony telluride materials were investigated using ex situ photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). PEEM enabled imaging of the work function for different oxidation times due to exposure to air across sample surfaces. The spatially averaged work function was also tracked as a function of air exposure time. N-type bismuth telluride showed an increase in the work function around grain boundaries relative to grain interiors during the early stages of air exposure-driven oxidation. At longer time exposure to air, the surface became homogenous after a ∼5 nm-thick oxide formed. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy was used to correlate changes in PEEM imaging in real space and work function evolution to the progressive growth of an oxide layer. The observed work function contrast is consistent with the pinning of electronic surface states due to the defects at a grain boundary.