New technology for heterogeneously integrated devices allows for underfilling of complex geometries using driven fluids 

From left to right, they are a heterogeneously integrated device with voids; a HI device with no voids, and right, a computed image or vorticity vector orbits.

Underfilling is a widely used manufacturing process that helps stabilize and reinforce solder joints in electronic parts. However, heterogeneously integrated (HI) devices are challenging to underfill using standard capillary flow methods, due to large areas with narrow gaps—trenches that act as strong flow barriers, and high bump density that cause filler particle segregation. Through this LDRD project, the team developed a magnetic underfill that can be driven with multiaxial magnetic fields having key symmetries to create vorticity in the fluid, enabling it to fill narrow gaps, cross barriers in any orientation, and uniformly disperse the filler particles. This approach was demonstrated using driven fluids consisting of epoxy and magnetic nanoparticles. A new Sandia capability was developed to create vorticity vector orbits with low frequency triaxial magnetic fields. It was discovered that significant torque density can be generated in viscous particle suspensions, enabling driven underfilling of complex geometries—a viable new technology for HI devices. Discoveries during this two-year project led to new concepts for low moisture permeation coatings now under study and generated one Technical Advance. 


Sandia researchers linked to work

  • Lauren Shea Rohwer
  • Thomas Friedmann

Sponsored by

Image of LDRD_Icon-01

Associated Publications

Jessica Rimsza, Susan Henkelis, Lauren Rohwer, Dorina Sava Gallis, T. Nenoff, (2022). Crystal Prediction and Design of Tunable Light Emission in BTB-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Advanced Optical Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202200058 Publication ID: 80856

Jacob Deneff, Lauren Rohwer, Kimberly Butler, N. Valdez, M. Rodriguez, Ting Luk, Dorina Sava Gallis, (2022). Covert MOF-Based Photoluminescent Tags via Tunable Linker Energetics ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c20432 Publication ID: 80502

Lisa Hackett, Michael Miller, Felicia Brimigion, Daniel Dominguez, Gregory Peake, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Shawn Arterburn, Thomas Friedmann, Matt Eichenfield, (2021). Towards single-chip radiofrequency signal processing via acoustoelectric electron–phonon interactions Nature Communications https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22935-1 Publication ID: 74777

Jessica Rimsza, Susan Henkelis, Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, T. Nenoff, (2021). Ligand-Based Tunable White Light Emissions in Non-REE MOF Structures https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1890895 Publication ID: 76090

Jacob Deneff, Kimberly Butler, Lauren Rohwer, Charles Pearce, N. Valdez, M. Rodriguez, Ting Luk, Dorina Sava Gallis, (2021). Optical Encoding Via Rational Design of Heterometallic Rare-Earth MOFs https://doi.org/10.2172/1882470 Publication ID: 75254

Evan Anderson, DeAnna Campbell, Jayson Briscoe, Wesley Coon, Charles Alford, Michael Wood, J. Klem, Phillip Gamache, Mathew Gunter, Jonathon Olesberg, S. Hawkins, Lauren Rohwer, Chad Stephenson, David Peters, Michael Goldflam, (2021). Full-Resolution Two-Color Infrared Detector https://doi.org/10.2172/1878277 Publication ID: 79419

Lisa Hackett, Michael Miller, Matthew Storey, Daniel Dominguez, Felicia Brimigion, Sara DiGregorio, Gregory Peake, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Shawn Arterburn, Thomas Friedmann, Dana Weinstein, Matt Eichenfield, (2021). Active Nonreciprocal and Nonlinear Surface Acoustic Wave Devices in a Heterogeneously Integrated InGaAs on Lithium Niobate Material Platform https://doi.org/10.2172/1872181 Publication ID: 78753

Matthew Jordan, Lauren Rohwer, John Mudrick, Thomas Friedmann, Michael Henry, (2021). Large Format CMOS Imager Integration Utilizing an Indium Bonding Process and Buried ARC Reveal https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1847471 Publication ID: 77359

Jacob Deneff, Kimberly Butler, Lauren Rohwer, Charles Pearce, N. Valdez, M. Rodriguez, Ting Luk, Dorina Sava Gallis, (2021). Encoding Multilayer Complexity in Anti-Counterfeiting Heterometallic MOF-Based Optical Tags Angewandte Chemie – International Edition https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202013012 Publication ID: 71623

Dorina Sava Gallis, Jacob Deneff, Kimberly Butler, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, N. Valdez, Ting Luk, Charles Pearce, (2020). Structure-Function Versatility in Metal-Organic Frameworks: Molecular Insights at the Nanoscale https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1833500 Publication ID: 71972

Jacob Deneff, Kimberly Butler, Lauren Rohwer, Charles Pearce, N. Valdez, M. Rodriguez, Ting Luk, Dorina Sava Gallis, (2020). Encoding Multilayer Complexity in MOF-Based Optical Tags https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1834471 Publication ID: 72031

Erica Douglas, Andrew Hollowell, Matthew Jordan, Thomas Friedmann, Michael Wood, Christian Arrington, Katherine Musick, Jaime McClain, (2020). Advancing Compound Semiconductors Through Heterogeneous Integration https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1821083 Publication ID: 74862

Lisa Hackett, Michael Miller, Felicia Brimigion, Daniel Dominguez, Gregory Peake, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Shawn Arterburn, Thomas Friedmann, Matt Eichenfield, (2020). Demonstration of an Acoustoelectric Surface Acoustic Wave Circulator https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1798561 Publication ID: 73854

Jonatan Sierra Suarez, John Mudrick, Crystal Sennett, Thomas Friedmann, Shawn Arterburn, Matthew Jordan, Lisa Caravello, Jordan Gutierrez, Michael Henry, (2020). Strategies relating to CMP for die to wafer interconnects utilizing hybrid direct bonding Proceedings – Electronic Components and Technology Conference https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1783623 Publication ID: 72896

Susan Henkelis, D. Rademacher, Dayton Vogel, N. Valdez, M. Rodriguez, Lauren Rohwer, T. Nenoff, (2020). Luminescent Properties of DOBDC Containing MOFs: The Role of Free Hydroxyls ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c02829 Publication ID: 72460

John Mudrick, Crystal Sennett, Thomas Friedmann, Shawn Arterburn, Matthew Jordan, Lisa Caravello, Jordan Gutierrez, Michael Henry, (2020). Strategies relating to CMP for die to wafer interconnects utilizing hybrid direct bonding https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1783674 Publication ID: 73582

Nicholas Boynton, Hong Cai, Michael Gehl, Shawn Arterburn, Christina Dallo, Andrew Pomerene, Andrew Starbuck, Dana Hood, Douglas Trotter, Thomas Friedmann, Christopher Derose, Anthony Lentine, (2020). A heterogeneously integrated silicon photonic/lithium niobate travelling wave electro-optic modulator Optics Express https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.28.001868 Publication ID: 66881

Nicholas Boynton, Hong Cai, Michael Gehl, Shawn Arterburn, Christina Dallo, Andrew Pomerene, Andrew Starbuck, Dana Hood, Douglas Trotter, Thomas Friedmann, Anthony Lentine, Christopher DeRose, (2019). A heterogeneously integrated silicon photonic/lithium niobate platform for RF photonics AVFOP 2019 – Avionics and Vehicle Fiber-Optics and Photonics Conference https://doi.org/10.1109/AVFOP.2019.8908194 Publication ID: 69212

Nicholas Boynton, Hong Cai, Michael Gehl, Shawn Arterburn, Christina Dallo, Andrew Pomerene, Andrew Starbuck, Dana Hood, Douglas Trotter, Thomas Friedmann, Christopher DeRose, Anthony Lentine, (2019). A Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon Photonic/Lithium Niobate Platform for RF Photonics https://doi.org/10.1109/AVFOP.2019.8908194 Publication ID: 66142

Lisa Hackett, Aleem Siddiqui, Daniel Dominguez, James Douglas, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Thomas Friedmann, Gregory Peake, Shawn Arterburn, Michael Miller, Matt Eichenfield, (2019). Active and Nonreciprocal Radio-Frequency Acoustic Microsystems https://doi.org/10.2172/1573926 Publication ID: 66150

Michael Henry, James Levy, James Bartz, John Mudrick, Thomas Friedmann, Matthew Jordan, Lauren Rohwer, Douglas Trotter, (2019). Fabrication techniques for heterogenous integration of 2.5-D Systems https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1642609 Publication ID: 65363

L. Hackett, A. Siddiqui, Daniel Dominguez, James Douglas, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Thomas Friedmann, G. Peake, Shawn Arterburn, Matt Eichenfield, (2019). High-gain leaky surface acoustic wave amplifier in epitaxial InGaAs on lithium niobate heterostructure Applied Physics Letters https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5108724 Publication ID: 68362

Aleem Siddiqui, Lisa Hackett, Daniel Dominguez, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Thomas Friedmann, Gregory Peake, Michael Miller, James Douglas, Matt Eichenfield, (2019). Large Acoustoelectric Effect in Wafer Bonded Indium Gallium Arsenide / Lithium Niobate Heterostructure Augmented by Novel Gate Control 2019 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems and Eurosensors XXXIII, TRANSDUCERS 2019 and EUROSENSORS XXXIII https://doi.org/10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808281 Publication ID: 67956

Aleem Siddiqui, Lisa Hackett, Daniel Dominguez, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, Thomas Friedmann, Gregory Peake, Michael Miller, James Douglas, Matt Eichenfield, (2019). LARGE ACOUSTOELECTRIC EFFECT IN WAFER BONDED INDIUM GALLIUM ARSENIDE / LITHIUM NIOBATE HETEROSTRUCTURE AUGMENTED BY NOVEL GATE CONTROL https://doi.org/10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808281 Publication ID: 69333

John Mudrick, Jonatan Sierra Suarez, Matthew Jordan, Thomas Friedmann, Robert Jarecki, Michael Henry, (2019). Sub-10um Pitch Hybrid Direct Bond Interconnect Development for Die-to-Die Hybridization https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1640140 Publication ID: 68735

John Mudrick, Jonatan Sierra Suarez, Matthew Jordan, Thomas Friedmann, Robert Jarecki, M. Henry, (2019). Sub-10μm pitch hybrid direct bond interconnect development for die-to-die hybridization Proceedings – Electronic Components and Technology Conference https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639286 Publication ID: 67313

Nicholas Boynton, Hong Cai, Michael Gehl, Shawn Arterburn, Christina Dallo, Andrew Pomerene, Andrew Starbuck, Dana Hood, Douglas Trotter, Thomas Friedmann, Anthony Lentine, Christopher DeRose, (2019). A Heterogeneously Integrated Silicon Photonic/LiNbO3 Electro-Optic Modulator https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639873 Publication ID: 68285

Aleem Siddiqui, Lisa Hackett, Lisa Hackett, Daniel Dominguez, Thomas Friedmann, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, James Douglas, Matt Eichenfield, (2018). LARGE GAIN IN GATED MONOLITHIC SURFACE ACOUSTIC WAVE AMPLIIFER ON HETEROGENOUSLY INTEGRATED III-V EPITAXIAL SEMICONDUCTOR AND LITHIUM NIOBATE https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1807019 Publication ID: 60459

Dinesh Mahadeo, Lauren Rohwer, Marino Martinez, Robert Nowlin, (2018). Assessment of Commercial-Off-The-Shelf Electronics for use in a Short-Term Geostationary Satellite https://doi.org/10.2172/1481565 Publication ID: 59839

Darren Branch, D. Christopher, Matthew Eichenfield, James Douglas, Aleem Siddiqui, Thomas Friedmann, (2018). Investigation of a Solid-State Tuning Behavior in Lithium Niobate https://doi.org/10.1109/IMWS-AMP.2018.8457130 Publication ID: 63914

Aleem Siddiqui, Lisa Hackett, Lisa Hackett, Daniel Dominguez, Thomas Friedmann, Anna Tauke-Pedretti, James Douglas, Matt Eichenfield, (2018). Monolithic Surface Acoustic Wave Amplifier on State-of -the-Art InP:InGaAs/Lithium Niobate Heterostructure https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1514785 Publication ID: 62080

Darren Branch, Christopher Nordquist, Matt Eichenfield, James Douglas, Aleem Siddiqui, Thomas Friedmann, (2018). Investigation of a Solid-State Tuning Behavior in Lithium Niobate https://doi.org/10.1109/IMWS-AMP.2018.8457130 Publication ID: 61531

Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, Kimberly Butler, Ting Luk, (2018). Biocompatible near-infrared MOF fluorophores for bio-imaging applications https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1508454 Publication ID: 61207

Collin Muniz, Hiral Patel, Dylan Fast, Lauren Rohwer, Eric Reinheimer, Michelle Dolgos, Matt Graham, May Nyman, (2018). Rare earth niobate coordination polymers Journal of Solid State Chemistry https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2017.12.034 Publication ID: 54678

Alejandro Grine, A. Siddiqui, Gordon Keeler, M. Shaw, Matt Eichenfield, Thomas Friedmann, Erica Douglas, M. Wood, D. Dagel, C. Hains, L. Koch, C. Nordquist, Darwin Serkland, (2017). Optomechanical spring effect readout in resonant micro-optical Sagnac gyroscopes design and scaling analysis International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1367295 Publication ID: 56452

Dorina Sava Gallis, Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez, Meghan Dailey, Meghan Dailey, Kimberly Butler, Kimberly Butler, Ting Luk, Ting Luk, Jerilyn Timlin, Jerilyn Timlin, Karena Chapman, Karena Chapman, (2017). Multifunctional, Tunable Metal–Organic Framework Materials Platform for Bioimaging Applications [A Multifunctional Tunable MOF Materials Platform for Bio-Imaging Applications] ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b05859 Publication ID: 53845

Dorina Sava Gallis, Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, M. Rodriguez, Meghan Dailey, Meghan Dailey, Kimberly Butler, Kimberly Butler, Ting Luk, Ting Luk, Jerilyn Timlin, Jerilyn Timlin, Karena Chapman, Karena Chapman, (2017). Multifunctional MOF Materials Platform for Biomedical Applications https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1456383 Publication ID: 55584

James Douglas, Thomas Friedmann, Matt Eichenfield, (2017). Electro-optic modulation of high-Q lithium niobate whispering gallery resonator with integrated ground plane https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1427099 Publication ID: 53454

Jeremy Moore, James Douglas, Ian Frank, Thomas Friedmann, Ryan Camacho, Matt Eichenfield, (2016). Efficient second harmonic generation in lithium niobate on insulator 2016 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO 2016 https://doi.org/10.1364/CLEO_SI.2016.STh3P.1 Publication ID: 50543

James Martin, Lauren Rohwer, Joseph Stupak, (2016). Elastic magnetic composites for energy storage flywheels Composites Part B: Engineering https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.03.096 Publication ID: 44298

Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, (2015). Platelet Composite Coatings for Tin Whisker Mitigation Journal of Electronic Materials https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-4026-8 Publication ID: 45744

James Martin, Lauren Rohwer, Frank Van Swol, Xiaowang Zhou, Ping Lu, (2015). Science-based design of stable quantum dots for energy-efficient lighting https://doi.org/10.2172/1221518 Publication ID: 45567

Lauren Rohwer, (2015). Tin whisker mitigation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1299980 Publication ID: 45037

James Douglas, Jeremy Moore, Thomas Friedmann, Camille Padilla, Matt Eichenfield, (2015). Towards Synthesis of UV lasers using doubly-resonant ultra-thin LiNbO3 microdisk resonators https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1258206 Publication ID: 43563

Dean Buchenauer, Peter Stangeby, Thomas Friedmann, (2015). Neutral H sensor for C-X H flux on wall and divertor https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1252919 Publication ID: 43351

T. Nenoff, Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, (2015). Photoluminescence via MOF Metal-Ligand Tunability https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1331626 Publication ID: 42547

T. Nenoff, Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, (2014). MOF PHOTOLUMINESCENCE VIA METAL-LIGAND TUNABILITY https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1242103 Publication ID: 39304

Lauren Rohwer, (2014). Platelet composite coatings for tin whisker mitigation https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-015-4026-8 Publication ID: 39069

Jeremy Moore, Thomas Friedmann, Khalid Hattar, James Douglas, Michael Wiwi, Camille Padilla, Ryan Camacho, Matt Eichenfield, (2014). Lithium Niobate Micromachining for On-Chip Photonics https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1241664 Publication ID: 38687

Dean Buchenauer, Tom Lemp, Thomas Friedmann, (2014). H-Sensors and Fusion Work at SNL-CA https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1241672 Publication ID: 38702

Dean Buchenauer, Thomas Friedmann, Tom Lemp, (2014). On the use of Pd-MOS solid state detectors to measure charge exchange fluxes in fusion experiments https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1497368 Publication ID: 37955

Dorina Sava Gallis, Lauren Rohwer, M. Rodriguez, T. Nenoff, (2014). Efficient photoluminescence via metal-ligand alteration in a new MOFs family Chemistry of Materials https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1315127 Publication ID: 38059

Khalid Hattar, Michael Wiwi, Janet Nguyen, Camille Padilla, Sara Jensen, Joel Wendt, Thomas Friedmann, (2014). LAMB WAVE MICROMECHANICAL RESONATORS FORMED IN THIN PLATES OF LITHIUM NIOBATE https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1140835 Publication ID: 40103

Michael Coltrin, Ganapathi Subramania, Jeffrey Tsao, George Wang, Jonathan Wierer, Jeremy Wright, Andrew Armstrong, Igal Brener, Weng Chow, Mary Crawford, Arthur Fischer, Daniel Koleske, James Martin, Lauren Rohwer, (2014). The Energy Frontier Research Center for Solid-State Lighting Science: Exploring New Materials Architectures and Light Emission Phenomena Journal of Physical Chemistry C https://doi.org/10.1021/jp501136j Publication ID: 37208

T. Nenoff, Dorina Sava Gallis, Mark Rodriguez, Lauren Rohwer, (2013). Tunable Efficient Photoluminescence via Metal-Ligand Alteration in a New MOFs Platform Journal of the American Chemical Association https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1115047 Publication ID: 36283

Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, (2013). Progress in narrowband red-emitting phosphors for solid-state lighting https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1108656 Publication ID: 35466

Todd Heinrichs, Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, (2013). Sandia Develops a Synthesis of Quantum Dots that Increases the Quantum Yield to 95.5% https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1661318 Publication ID: 33761

James Martin, Lauren Rohwer, (2013). Thermal quenching mechanisms in II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals Journal of Physical Chemistry C https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1078471 Publication ID: 32952

Dahwey Chu, Lauren Rohwer, (2012). Development of ultra dense edge interconnects for die to die connections based on immersion solder bridging Proceedings – Electronic Components and Technology Conference https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1118222 Publication ID: 26811

Lauren Rohwer, (2012). Phosphors and quantum dots for solid-state lighting https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1116437 Publication ID: 30319

Lauren Rohwer, (2012). Development of Ultra Dense Edge Interconnects for Die to Die Connections Based on Immersion Solder Bridging https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1117251 Publication ID: 28224

Lauren Rohwer, Paul Davids, Anthony Lentine, Dahwey Chu, Alexander Hsia, Gideon Robertson, Robert Jarecki, Carlos Sanchez, Christopher DeRose, Andrew Starbuck, Robert Timon, (2012). Silicon photonic link in CMOS quilt package https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1067759 Publication ID: 28238

Jeremy Palmer, Dahwey Chu, Lauren Rohwer, Lu Fang, (2012). Evaluation of Self-Assembled Monolayer Treatment for Wire Bonding with ENEPIG Surface Finish https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1118305 Publication ID: 27062

Lauren Rohwer, (2012). Development of Ultra Dense Edge Interconnects for Die to Die Connections Based on Immersion Solder Bridging https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1118197 Publication ID: 26808

Lauren Rohwer, May Nyman, James Martin, (2011). Development of Red Downconverters for Solid-State Lighting https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1118653 Publication ID: 24663

Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, (2011). Patterning surfaces for high resolution self alignment Journal of the Electrochemical Society https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1113096 Publication ID: 25052

W. Pan, Anthony Ross III, Stephen Howell, Taisuke Ohta, Thomas Friedmann, (2011). Electron-Electron Interaction in High Quality Epitaxial Graphene New Journal of Physics https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/11/113005 Publication ID: 24350

Gregory Nielson, Paul Resnick, Carlos Sanchez, Peggy Clews, Murat Okandan, Thomas Friedmann, Vipin Gupta, (2011). ULTRATHIN FLEXIBLE CRYSTALLINE SILICON: MICROSYSTEMS ENABLED PHOTOVOLTAICS https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1120354 Publication ID: 23304

Jose Cruz-Campa, Gregory Nielson, Paul Resnick, Carlos Sanchez, Peggy Clews, Murat Okandan, Thomas Friedmann, Vipin Gupta, (2011). ULTRATHIN FLEXIBLE CRYSTALLINE SILICON: MICROSYSTEMS ENABLED PHOTOVOLTAICS https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1107699 Publication ID: 23079

Lauren Rohwer, (2011). Thin Gold to Gold Bonding for Flip Chip Applications https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1109262 Publication ID: 22887

Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, Dahwey Chu, (2011). Die/wafer sub-micron alignment strategies for semiconductor device integration https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1106788 Publication ID: 22566

Lauren Rohwer, Dahwey Chu, (2011). Thin Gold to Gold Bonding for Flip Chip Applications https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1120610 Publication ID: 21728

Lauren Rohwer, May Nyman, (2011). Self-activating and doped tantalate phosphors https://doi.org/10.2172/1010419 Publication ID: 21275

Thomas Beechem, Laura Biedermann, Thomas Friedmann, Kevin McCarty, Taisuke Ohta, W. Pan, Anthony Ross III, Cody Washburn, (2011). Enabling Graphene Nanoelectronics https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1120848 Publication ID: 21344

Stephen Howell, Thomas Beechem, Laura Biedermann, Carlos Gutierrez, Thomas Friedmann, Kevin McCarty, Taisuke Ohta, W. Pan, Anthony Ross III, (2011). Characterization and Comparison of Devices Fabricated From Epitaxial Graphene on SiC and Electrostatically Transferred Graphene https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1120859 Publication ID: 21404

Lauren Rohwer, Dahwey Chu, James Martin, (2010). Chemical strategies for die/wafer submicron alignment and bonding https://doi.org/10.2172/1008133 Publication ID: 19957

Lauren Rohwer, (2010). Impenetrable polymer composites for tin whisker mitigation https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1021568 Publication ID: 19312

W. Pan, Stephen Howell, Taisuke Ohta, Thomas Friedmann, (2010). Observation of the Integer Quantum Hall Effect in Record High-Mobility Uniform Wafer-Scale Epitaxial Graphene Films Grown on the Si-Face of 6H-SiC(0001) Applied Physics Letters https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1141938 Publication ID: 17535

Lauren Rohwer, (2010). Tin Whisker Mitigation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1673496 Publication ID: 17643

Thomas Friedmann, Edward Piekos, John Sullivan, Diane Peebles, (2010). Phonon engineering for nanostructures https://doi.org/10.2172/984139 Publication ID: 17160

Timothy Lambert, Bernadette Hernandez-Sanchez, Ping Lu, Andrea Ambrosini, Thomas Friedmann, Timothy Boyle, (2009). Synthesis and Characterization of Titania-Graphene Nanocomposites https://doi.org/10.1021/jp905456f Publication ID: 16985

Lauren Rohwer, Richard Wavrik, John Witham, (2009). Tin Whisker mitigation methods https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1278777 Publication ID: 16758

Thomas Friedmann, (2009). Growth and characterization of tetrahedral amorphous-carbon films (ta-C) by pulsed laser deposition https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1142039 Publication ID: 16817

Bernadette Hernandez-Sanchez, Ping Lu, Andrea Ambrosini, Thomas Friedmann, Timothy Boyle, (2009). Synthesis and Characterization of Titania-Graphene Nanocomposites Journal of Physical Chemistry, C. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp905456f Publication ID: 16455

Mary Crawford, Lauren Rohwer, Daniel Koleske, Jeffrey Tsao, Andrew Armstrong, George Wang, Arthur Fischer, Jonathan Wierer, Michael Coltrin, (2009). Roadblocks to high efficiency solid-state lighting : https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1274740 Publication ID: 16242

Mark Rodriguez, May Nyman, Lauren Rohwer, (2009). NEW LANTANUM TANTALATE PHASES INVESTIGATED BY HIGH TEMPERATURE XRD AND HIGH RESOLUTION POWDER DIFFRACTION https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1142431 Publication ID: 15894

Julio Marchiondo, Lauren Rohwer, (2008). Long Term Dormant Storage Experiment of COTS Components Under Field Conditions https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1142543 Publication ID: 15545

James Dempsey, Lauren Rohwer, (2008). Design Fabrication and Characterization of Embedded Resistor Heaters for Die Attach on a Multilayer Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic Package https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1145711 Publication ID: 13103

Thomas Friedmann, John Sullivan, (2008). Measuring stress gradients by etch-back in annealed diamond-like tetrahedral amorphous-carbon thin films Proposed for publication in Thin Solid Films. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/943951 Publication ID: 12423

Lauren Rohwer, James Martin, (2007). Rohwer and Martin Response to Comment on %22Measuring the absolute quantum efficiency of luminescent materials%22 Journal of Luminescence https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1147177 Publication ID: 10903

John Sullivan, David Czaplewski, Thomas Friedmann, Normand Modine, Joel Wendt, (2007). Defect-related internal dissipation in mechanical resonators and the study of coupled mechanical systems https://doi.org/10.2172/900851 Publication ID: 8622

Thomas Friedmann, John Sullivan, (2005). Measuring stress gradients by etch-back in annealed (ta-C) thin films https://www.osti.gov/biblio/886656 Publication ID: 6490

H. Espinosa, B. Peng, N. Moldovan, Thomas Friedmann, X. Xiao, D. Mancini, O. Auciello, J. Carlisle, C. Zorman, (2005). A comparison of mechanical properties of three MEMS materials – Silicon carbide, ultrananocrystalline diamond, and hydrogen-free tetrahedral amorphous carbon (Ta-C) 11th International Conference on Fracture 2005, ICF11 https://www.osti.gov/biblio/957211 Publication ID: 3224

Brad Boyce, Thomas Buchheit, Thomas Friedmann, (2005). Fracture Toughness Measurements of Amorphous Diamond Thin Films using Acoustic Emission-Sensing Nanoindentation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1465841 Publication ID: 6297

Brad Boyce, Thomas Buchheit, Thomas Friedmann, (2005). Fracture Toughness Measurements of Amorphous Diamond Thin Films using Acoustic Emission-Sensing Nanoindentation https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1122176 Publication ID: 5572

Lauren Rohwer, Robert Anderson, (2005). Strong intrinsic magnetic mixing in triaxial fields Proposed for publication in Nature Materials. https://www.osti.gov/biblio/972144 Publication ID: 5600

John Sullivan, Thomas Friedmann, Joel Wendt, (2005). Mechanical dissipation at elevated temperatures in tetrahedral amorphous carbon Proposed for publication in Diamond and Related Materials https://www.osti.gov/biblio/971811 Publication ID: 5114

Stewart Griffiths, W. Lu, Michelle Hekmaty, Dorrance McLean, Chu-Yeu Yang, Thomas Friedmann, Matthew Losey, John Hachman, D. Skala, Lucas Hunter, Nancy Yang, Dale Boehme, John Korellis, Georg Aigeldinger, (2005). An aluminum resist substrate for microfabrication by LIGA https://doi.org/10.2172/923166 Publication ID: 5008

Thomas Friedmann, Brad Boyce, David Czaplewski, Christopher Dyck, James Webster, Andrew Carton, Dustin Carr, Bianca Keeler, Joel Wendt, David Tallant, (2004). Nano-electromechanical oscillators (NEMOs) for RF technologies https://doi.org/10.2172/920822 Publication ID: 4155

Brad Boyce, Thomas Buchheit, Thomas Friedmann, (2004). Fracture of amorphous diamond thin films using acoustic emission-sensing nanoindentation https://www.osti.gov/biblio/965484 Publication ID: 3914

Jerry Simmons, Arthur Fischer, Mary Crawford, B. Abrams, Robert Biefeld, Daniel Koleske, Andrew Allerman, Jeffrey Figiel, J. Creighton, Michael Coltrin, Jeffrey Tsao, Christine Mitchell, Thomas Kerley, George Wang, Katherine Bogart, Carleton Seager, J. Campbell, David Follstaedt, Adam Norman, Steven Kurtz, Alan Wright, Samuel Myers, Nancy Missert, Robert Copeland, Paula Provencio, J. Wilcoxon, G. Hadley, Joel Wendt, Robert Kaplar, Randy Shul, Lauren Rohwer, David Tallant, Regina Simpson, Harry Moffat, Andrew Salinger, Roger Pawlowski, John Emerson, Steven Thoma, Phillip Cole, Kevin Boyack, Marie Garcia, Mark Allen, Brent Burdick, Nabeel Rahal, Mary Monson, Weng Chow, Karen Waldrip, (2004). Final report on grand challenge LDRD project : a revolution in lighting : building the science and technology base for ultra-efficient solid-state lighting https://doi.org/10.2172/919202 Publication ID: 2982

Dustin Carr, Bianca Keeler, John Sullivan, Thomas Friedmann, Joel Wendt, (2003). Optical NEMS grating transducers https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1003894 Publication ID: 2516

Dustin Carr, John Sullivan, Thomas Friedmann, (2003). Laterally deformable nanomechanical zero order gratings : anomalous diffraction studied by rigorous coupled wave analysis Proposed for publication in Optics Letters. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.133902 Publication ID: 1876

Thomas Friedmann, Thomas Friedmann, John Sullivan, (2003). Amorphous Diamond In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation https://doi.org/10.2172/809621 Publication ID: 1890

Robert Mitchell, Lauren Rohwer, Melissa Robinson, Riley Kilgo, James Mulhall, Thomas Fischer, (2002). New microsystem packaging capabilities at Sandia National Laboratories https://www.osti.gov/biblio/913214 Publication ID: 1649

John Sullivan, Thomas Friedmann, Carol Ashby, Maarten De Boer, William Schubert, Randy Shul, R. Hohlfelder, (2002). Amorphous Diamond MEMS and Sensors https://doi.org/10.2172/800990 Publication ID: 1496

Trisha Cox, Darryl Sasaki, John Hunter, G. Jones, Michael Sinclair, Lauren Rohwer, Phillip Pohl, William Andrzejewski, Darryl Sasaki, (2001). Autonomous Optical Sensor System for the Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide from Aging Rocket Propellant https://doi.org/10.2172/787637 Publication ID: 1312

Lauren Rohwer, (2000). Cathodoluminescent display phosphors https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/750228 Publication ID: 74

Lauren Rohwer, Lauren Rohwer, (2000). Combustion synthesis and effects of processing parameters on physical properties of {alpha}-alumina https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/750186 Publication ID: 75

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June 7, 2023