Sled track simulates high-speed accident in B61-12 test
Sandia has sent a mock B61-12 nuclear weapon speeding down the Labs’ 10,000-foot rocket sled track to slam nose-first into a steel and concrete wall in a spectacular test that mimicked a high-speed accident. It allowed engineers to examine safety features inside the weapon that prevent inadvertent nuclear detonation.
Data analysis from the test continues. Sandia teams will use the information in collaboration with colleagues at Los Alamos National Laboratory to hone their understanding of how systems respond in abnormal environments — accidents or other unexpected events.
The test, part of a B61-12 abnormal environments series, used a test unit that resembled an actual weapon as much as possible, says test director Jason Petti (1383). The high-fidelity unit contained standard components that make up a weapon, explosives, and other hazardous materials, but did not contain any enriched uranium or plutonium, Jason says.
A B61-12 test unit slams into a target at the end of Sandia’s 10,000-foot rocket sled track in a complex forward ballistics test. The test, which mimicked a high-speed accident, allowed engineers to examine safety features inside the weapon. (Photo courtesy of Sandia Photometrics)
The complex forward ballistic test used rocket motors to accelerate the sled along the track, releasing the B61-12 unit to a free-flight crash. The test met expectations and demonstrated the team’s ability to design and implement high-consequence tests. It built on past success for the B61-12 program from 2014 and 2015, when Sandia crashed a rocket sled into a stationary mock weapon in a reverse ballistics test series, considered normal environment tests.
“Abnormal environment tests are performed to benchmark the performance of safety features designed into weapons,” says Matt Brewer (2159), lead test engineer. The simulated accident collected data to ensure the weapon met its safety requirements.
Evaluating performance, helping models
Sandia engineers designed the March 9 test both to evaluate the weapon’s performance and to calibrate a computer model that predicts what can happen to a weapon under various conditions, Matt says.
John Sichler (2153), lead for the Center Bomb Subassembly Product Realization Team, says designing a weapon system to remain safe even after an accident is extremely challenging.
Test results help improve solid mechanics models, he says. Because tests are expensive and it’s not feasible to re-create every possible accident scenario, computer models fill in the gaps by simulating other scenarios.
“We will use the models to predict how our nuclear safety components will perform in numerous postulated accident scenarios without actually conducting tests,” John says. “Over the past five years we’ve been improving our models. It’s remarkable how good they have become.”
Teams created plans unique to the forward ballistics test to determine how to conduct it safely, establishing safety thresholds and a precedent for future tests, says Heidi Herrera (2159), B61-12 operations lead.
Her role was created to understand and deal with potential hazards. “They needed someone whose sole job is safety to make sure we can do the test safely, securely, and in a quality manner,” Heidi says. She helped analyze the hazards, quantified potential risks, and identified ways to control them.
Planning for every contingency
Mike Kaneshige (2500), who worked on explosives safety for the test, says the team had data from past tests and an idea of what to expect. “But the environment we live in is very different than when those tests were done,” he says. “The expectation is that we plan for every contingency and have a solid technical basis for the decisions we make.”
Matt says analyzing potential chemical, explosive, and mechanical hazards allowed the team to identify “what-can-go-wrong scenarios,” such as how a sudden fire might affect the sensitivity of explosives used in the test.
It is hard to imagine anything more satisfying for a design team than demonstrating in a test like this that our nuclear safety components performed as designed.
The test unit carried an internal data recorder, hardened so it could measure what happened during the impact and gather data to validate computer models. In the earlier reverse ballistic tests, cables connected sensors and recorders to a stationary test unit. However, the recorder was onboard for the forward ballistics test because it’s impossible to attach cables to a unit speeding down a track.
The recorder itself was an engineering feat — it had to be very fast, handle vast amounts of data, and fit into a small space, Matt says. The design will be used in future tests.
The recorder also had its own battery, requiring extra safety oversight since the battery power was compatible with the rocket motors’ ignitors, meaning the rocket motor would ignite if there was an electrical path between the battery and the motor’s initiator, Jason says. The team built in multiple barriers to prevent unintentional ignition, he says.
‘A lot of eyes on it’
The test unit and setup contained numerous hazards, so all components of the system had to be evaluated to ensure safety from installation to impact to recovery. In addition, the system had to perform as designed. “There were a lot of eyes on it,” Jason says.
The team developed safety measures for recovering the test weapon and cleanup after the test. Mike says planners discussed such possibilities as damage to the explosives, making them more sensitive and thus more difficult to recover debris. However, safety planners determined that even damaged, the explosives would be within the range Sandia normally handles, he says.
Manager John Wharton (2155) says complex planning went into recovering the unit after the test. “Since we couldn’t be positive about how the unit would respond to the impact, we relied on models and informed engineering judgment. That planning paid big dividends during the post-test recovery. The team safely and successfully dealt with myriad post-test hazards including explosive, thermal, chemical, mechanical, and other hazards.”
Test preparations also included Emergency Management, which in turn coordinated with the Kirtland Air Force Base Fire Department. Emergency Management thought out what could go wrong so as to mitigate the impacts and be ready to respond to different emergency situations. For example, the plan covered where a helicopter air ambulance could land if needed, where emergency units and an Incident Command would stage, and how to integrate the overall response, say team lead Ricky Romero (42361) and senior manager Richard Newman (4230).
A 3-D SANDIA COMPUTER IMAGE shows a setup for a test on Sandia’s sled track. The image shows the sled, without a test unit, on the left, and the pusher rocket sled on the right. (Image courtesy of Energetic Environments Dept.)
Copperhead program added to safety
The Copperhead program provided an additional safety measure. Copperhead, Sandia’s Mini-Synthetic Aperture Radar (mini-SAR) derivative, is equipped with state-of-the-art coherent change detection capability that can identify extremely small changes in an area where the sensor previously collected information. Copperhead flew over the test area twice while the test was setting up, providing baseline data needed to identify changes after the shot. The system flew again afterward, and, in near real-time, radar imagery analysts at the sled track site were able to give Jason a debris field boundary to help define the area for cleanup and locate any fires.
Test preparations took more than a year. That included a calibration test on the track last December using a B61 trainer, a shell the same weight as a real weapon, to assess plans for the actual test, Jason says. The calibration test proved the test setup and gave the team confidence they could provide the needed impact velocity, he says.
The test was performed in partnership with Los Alamos lab’s B61 Life Extension Program Systems Engineering and multiple Sandia organizations including Validation and Qualification (1530), Solid Mechanics and Shock Physics (1550), Explosive Technologies (2550), Advanced Fuzing Technology (2627), Safety Engineering (4120), and B61-12 System Engineering I and II (2120 and 2150).
“It is hard to imagine anything more satisfying for a design team than demonstrating in a test like this that our nuclear safety components performed as designed,” John Sichler says.
Heidi and Mike praised the cross-organizational cooperation and coordination, which will carry into future sled track testing. “The level of collaboration and trust was huge,” Heidi says.