Stephen Percival

Materials Scientist

Author profile picture

Materials Scientist

sperciv@sandia.gov

(505) 845-0207

Biography

Stephen J. Percival is a Senior R&D Materials Scientist and electrochemist in the Electronic, Optical, and Nano Materials Department at Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Stephen received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Nevada, Reno and PhD from the University of Washington, Seattle. Before coming to Sandia National Laboratories, he worked as a postdoctoral associate in the lab of Professor Allen J. Bard at the University of Texas at Austin. Stephen has worked with many various electrochemical and materials systems but is inspired by energy and environmentally related fields including energy storage technologies, materials and catalysis.

Research Interests

  • Materials for electrochemical energy storage
  • Functional coatings, membranes and separators to control ion movement at interfaces
  • Reaction kinetics, catalysis and nanoelectrochemistry
  • Nano-structured and composite materials
  • Colloidal nanoparticles, nanowires and 2D nanomaterials

Education

  • Ph.D. in Chemistry, University of Washington (Seattle, WA), 2015
  • B.S. in Chemistry, University of Nevada, (Reno, NV), 2008

Publications

Stephen Percival, Ping Lu, Daniel Lowry, T. Nenoff, (2022). Electrodeposition of Complex High Entropy Oxides via Water Droplet Formation and Conversion to Crystalline Alloy Nanoparticles Langmuir https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03228 Publication ID: 80562

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Melissa Meyerson, Leo Small, Stephen Percival, (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage https://doi.org/10.2172/1905212 Publication ID: 77029

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). Lower Temperature, Lower Cost Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1905214 Publication ID: 77030

Adam Maraschky, Rose Lee, Stephen Percival, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). Experimental and Modeling Studies of Metal Halide Catholyte and Cathode Materials to Enable Low-temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1899262 Publication ID: 76708

Leo Small, Rose Lee, Stephen Percival, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Melissa Meyerson, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Understanding Electrochemical Processes in Molten Salt Catholytes for Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1900348 Publication ID: 76973

T. Nenoff, Susan Henkelis, M. Rodriguez, Dayton Vogel, D. Rademacher, Jessica Rimsza, N. Valdez, Stephen Percival, (2021). Kinetically Controlled Linker Binding in Rare Earth-DOBDC MOFs, and its Effects on Acid Gas Adsorption https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1891597 Publication ID: 76170

Leo Small, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Amanda Peretti, Rose Lee, Adam Maraschky, Melissa Meyerson, ryan hill, Y.T. Cheng, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1891601 Publication ID: 76176

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose, Lee, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1891984 Publication ID: 76231

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Joshua Lamb, M. Rodriguez, Leo Small, (2021). Developing ?Really Cool? Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1892161 Publication ID: 76253

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Joshua Lamb, Leo Small, (2021). Materials Chemistry in Battery Energy Storage: A Key to Unlocking Our ?Potential? Energy Future https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1888383 Publication ID: 75814

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Amanda Peretti, M. Rodriguez, Joshua Lamb, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, Rose Lee, (2021). Development of a High-Voltage, Low Temperature Molten Sodium Battery https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1887726 Publication ID: 75712

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). A high-voltage, low-temperature molten sodium battery enabled by metal halide catholyte chemistry Cell Reports Physical Science https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100489 Publication ID: 78965

Stephen Percival, Sara Russo, Chad Priest, Ryan Hill, James Ohlhausen, Leo Small, Susan Rempe, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Bio-inspired incorporation of phenylalanine enhances ionic selectivity in layer-by-layer deposited polyelectrolyte films Soft Matter https://doi.org/10.1039/D1SM00134E Publication ID: 79392

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, M. Rodriguez, (2021). Hybrid Solid State ?Chaperone? Phases to Improve Solid State Sodium Electrolytes https://doi.org/10.2172/1870279 Publication ID: 78601

Leo Small, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Materials Development for High-Performance Interfaces in Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1862764 Publication ID: 77979

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Amanda Peretti, M. Rodriguez, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). High-Performance Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries Enabled by Improved Charge Transfer Across Interfaces https://doi.org/10.2172/1863516 Publication ID: 78072

AHM Hyder, Brian Morales, Malynda Cappelle, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, Susan Rempe, W. Walker, (2021). Evaluation of electrodialysis desalination performance of novel bioinspired and conventional ion exchange membranes with sodium chloride feed solutions Membranes https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030217 Publication ID: 77846

Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3Molten Salt System: A Redox-Active, Low-Temperature Molten Salt Electrolyte Journal of the Electrochemical Society https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abebae Publication ID: 77641

Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Applied Battery Performance https://doi.org/10.2172/1861977 Publication ID: 77904

Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, (2021). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System: Implications for Applied Battery Performance https://doi.org/10.2172/1861966 Publication ID: 77905

Susan Henkelis, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, D. Rademacher, T. Nenoff, (2021). Continuous mof membrane-based sensors via functionalization of interdigitated electrodes Membranes https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030176 Publication ID: 77545

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Eric Coker, M. Rodriguez, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1831360 Publication ID: 71751

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Eric Coker, M. Rodriguez, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, (2020). Solid State Materials to Enable Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1829554 Publication ID: 71549

Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Molten Salt Catholytes for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Ba:eries https://doi.org/10.2172/1830073 Publication ID: 71641

Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, M. Rodriguez, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Engineering Ceramic Electrolyte Interfaces for Low-Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://doi.org/10.2172/1829259 Publication ID: 71532

Martha Gross, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, M. Rodriguez, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Tin-based ionic chaperone phases to improve low temperature molten sodium-NaSICON interfaces Journal of Materials Chemistry A https://doi.org/10.1039/d0ta03571h Publication ID: 74006

Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2020). Development of High Performance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1820269 Publication ID: 74781

Erik Schindelholz, Erik Spoerke, Jaime Grunlan, Michael Melia, Stephen Percival, Shuang Qin, Erin Barrick, Chris Alexander, Derek Nelson, (2020). Ultrathin corrosion barrier films enabled by layer-by-layer polymer clay nanocomposites https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1822303 Publication ID: 70942

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Eric Coker, M. Rodriguez, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, ryan hill, Yang-Tse Cheng, (2020). Solid State Ion Conductors to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1822304 Publication ID: 70944

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Leo Small, (2020). Implementing Low Temperature Strategies to Advance ?Really Cool? Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1822305 Publication ID: 70945

Leo Small, Martha Gross, Rose Lee, Stephen Percival, Amanda Peretti, ryan hill, Y.-T. Chen, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1820561 Publication ID: 74836

Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, M. Rodriguez, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Advancing Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries by Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Electrolytes https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1820900 Publication ID: 74845

Stephen Percival, Rose Lee, Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, (2020). Electrochemistry of the NaI-AlBr3 Low Temperature Molten Salt System:Implications for Sodium Battery Performance https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1821079 Publication ID: 74858

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, ryan hill, Yang-Tse Chang, Leo Small, (2020). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1821830 Publication ID: 74950

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, (2020). Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1763564 Publication ID: 73578

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Martha Gross, Eric Schindelholz, Michael Melia, Susan Rempe, Derek Nelson, Sara Russo, ryan hill, Yang-Tse Cheng, (2020). Controlling Ion Transport in Multilayered Polymer Composites https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1768365 Publication ID: 72813

Martha Gross, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, M. Rodriguez, Erik Spoerke, (2020). Interfacial Engineering of Ceramic Separators in Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1761599 Publication ID: 70785

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Eric Coker, M. Rodriguez, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, (2020). Synthetic Designs For Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1762817 Publication ID: 70835

Stephen Percival, (2019). Protective Plastic Film Removal from Stainless Steel for Reytek Corporation https://doi.org/10.2172/1592897 Publication ID: 66817

Stephen Percival, Martha Gross, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, (2019). Advances in Low Temperature Molten Sodium Halide Catholytes for Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643302 Publication ID: 66357

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Martha Gross, Eric Schindelholz, Michael Melia, Susan Rempe, Derek Nelson, Sara Russo, (2019). The Ion Seeps Tonight: Assessing Ionic Transport in Multilayered Nanocomposites https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643247 Publication ID: 66212

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Tailoring Materials Chemistry to Advance Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1642901 Publication ID: 65636

Erik Spoerke, Eric Schindelholz, Kenneth Armijo, Margaret Gordon, Stephen Percival, Derek Nelson, Hai-Duy Nguyen, N. Sorensen, Kevin Holder, Shuang Qin, Jaime Grunlan, (2019). 2D-Dirt: A Low Tech Material with High Tech Potential https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1642186 Publication ID: 65050

Amanda Peretti, Eric Coker, M. Rodriguez, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, (2019). Solid State Separator Development for Sodium-Based Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1643658 Publication ID: 65155

Sara Russo, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Chad Priest, Susan Rempe, James Ohlhausen, Amanda Peretti, Erik Spoerke, (2019). Bio-Inspired Selective Ion Transport Membranes https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1642048 Publication ID: 64979

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Really Cool Molten Sodium Batteries: Material Innovations to Enable Low Temperature Operation https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1642049 Publication ID: 64980

Stephen Percival, Stephen Percival, Susan Rempe, Susan Rempe, (2019). Biomimetic Membranes for Water Desalination https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1645978 Publication ID: 65248

Erik Spoerke, Martha Gross, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, josh lamb, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1641790 Publication ID: 64617

Stephen Percival, Michael Melia, Susan Rempe, (2019). RO membranes for Clean Water – Sandia Pitch Competition 2019 https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1645833 Publication ID: 70633

Erik Spoerke, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Materials Advances to Enable Low Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1645408 Publication ID: 69113

Stephen Percival, Sara Russo, Ryan Hill, Amanda Peretti, Leo Small, Susan Rempe, Erik Spoerke, (2019). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639715 Publication ID: 68135

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Jonathan Bock, Harlan Brown-Shaklee, Leo Small, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Adapting Processing and Structure Toward Improved NaSICON-Based Sodium Ion Conductors https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639852 Publication ID: 68222

Erik Spoerke, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, (2019). Molten Sodium Batteries: Promise for Advancing Grid-Scale Battery Utility https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1639393 Publication ID: 67458

Erik Spoerke, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, Babu Chalamala, (2019). Advancing ?Low? Temperature Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1582247 Publication ID: 64174

Erik Spoerke, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, josh lamb, (2018). Tailoring Molten Sodium-Halide Battery Chemistry for Safe Low Temperature Rechargeable Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1761122 Publication ID: 60381

Erik Spoerke, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Amanda Peretti, Joshua Lamb, Sara Dickens, Eric Allcorn, Babu Chalamala, (2018). Materials Advances for Molten Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1567825 Publication ID: 59162

Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Eric Allcorn, Babu Chalamala, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Molten Salt Catholyte Development for Low Temperature Na-Halide Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1569131 Publication ID: 59112

Erik Spoerke, Amanda Peretti, Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Babu Chalamala, (2018). Sodium Ion-Conducting Separator Development https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1806864 Publication ID: 59119

Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Joshua Lamb, Eric Allcorn, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Intermediate Temperature Sodium Batteries Enabled by an Inorganic Molten Catholyte https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1524265 Publication ID: 61993

Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Eric Allcorn, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1511988 Publication ID: 61924

Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Susan Rempe, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Polyelectrolyte Modification of Nanoporous Membranes for Selective Ion Transport in Electrodialysis https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1525588 Publication ID: 61939

Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Polyelectrolytes for Selective Ion Transport in Nanoporous Electrodialysis Membranes https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505284 Publication ID: 61387

Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Erik Spoerke, (2018). Improving Solid State Sodium Ion Conductors for Next Generation Energy Storage https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505285 Publication ID: 61388

Stephen Percival, Leo Small, Erik Spoerke, Susan Rempe, (2018). Polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition on nanoporous supports for ion selective membranes RSC Advances https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA05580G Publication ID: 59580

Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Joshua Lamb, Paul Clem, Sai Bhavaraju, Alexis Eccleston, (2017). A Materials Chemistry Approach to Safe Effective Sodium Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1484571 Publication ID: 54412

Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Joshua Lamb, Paul Clem, David Ingersoll, Sai Bhavaraju, Alexis Eccleston, (2017). Materials Chemistry to Advance Na-Batteries https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1477936 Publication ID: 53514

Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Joshua Lamb, Paul Clem, David Ingersoll, Sai Bhavaraju, Alexis Eccleston, (2017). Sodium-Based Batteries: Toward Meeting Next Generation Challenges in Grid-Scale Energy Storage https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1477935 Publication ID: 53515

Erik Spoerke, Leo Small, Joshua Lamb, Paul Clem, David Ingersoll, Sai Bhavaraju, Alexis Eccleston, Stephen Percival, (2017). Advancing Sodium-Based Batteries for Grid-Scale Energy Storage https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1509660 Publication ID: 53353

Leo Small, Stephen Percival, Eric Allcorn, Erik Spoerke, (2017). Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Use in a Sodium Battery https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1508940 Publication ID: 53275

Showing Results. Show More Publications

Patents & Trademarks

S.J. Percival, C. Campbell, M. Celina, E. Schindelholz, E.D. Spoerke “Inherently Crosslinkable Nanocomposite Thin Film Anticorrosion Coating” SD# 15228, US Application # 62/990,704, Sept. 3, 2020.

E.D. Spoerke, M.M. Gross, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small “Surface Treatments of NaSICON Ceramics for Improved Sodium Electrochemical Interfaces” US Patent Application # 62/940,697, Nov. 26, 2019.

E.D. Spoerke, S.J. Percival, L.J. Small “Molten Inorganic Electrolytes for Low Temperature Sodium Batteries” US Patent Application # 16/564,751. Sep. 2019.

L.J. Small, S.J. Percival, E.D. Spoerke “Nanostructured Polyelectrolytes for Electrodialysis Membranes” US Application # 16/128,081, Jun. 10, 2020.