For orbiting satellites, equations of state, kinetic kill weapons

PENNIES FOR THE TOLLWAY? — Sandia researcher Mark Knudson holds two flyer plates in his right hand and chambers of his high-tech gun in his left. In the background is the innermost sanctum of Sandia’s Z accelerator, where a rapidly expanding magnetic field drives pellets faster than any mechanism on earth. (Photo by Randy Montoya) Download 300dpi JPEG image, ‘flyerplate.jpg’, 1MB (Media are welcome to download/publish this image with related news stories.)

The machine that generates the field has been jokingly dubbed “the fastest gun in the West,” but the description is an understatement.

“It’s the fastest gun in the world,” says Sandia physicist Marcus Knudson, lead scientist on the project. The propulsion speed of 20 km/sec — almost three times that necessary to escape the gravitational pull of the Earth (about 7 km/sec) — would send material from New York to Boston in half a minute, and from Albuquerque to Santa Fe in a few seconds. A rifle bullet is typically propelled at 1 km/sec.

The machine, Sandia’s Z accelerator, currently propels dime-sized pellets called flyer plates only a few hundred millimeters to gain information on the effect of high-velocity impacts. The data gained can be used to simulate the effect of flying space junk impacting the metal skin of an orbiting observatory traveling in the opposite direction. The data is expected to aid materials scientists trying to balance lightness against strength for satellite and observatory shells.

The technique also has potential as a hypervelocity “kinetic kill” weapon that, emanating from a lighter, more mobile source than the huge Z machine, still could strike disabling blows through an adversary’s heavy armor. These more mobile sources are already in development. Perhaps most importantly, though least dramatically, the technique is the fastest, most accurate, and cheapest method to determine how materials will react under high pressures and temperatures. These characteristics can then be expressed in formulas called “equations of state” — equations that tell researchers precisely how materials will react if basic conditions like pressure and temperature are changed by specific amounts.

While not a favorite topic for most people, accurate knowledge of equations of state is essential for the U.S. to maintain its nuclear weapons without physically testing them. The maintenance program, called “science-based stockpile stewardship,” uses the most powerful computers in the world to predict the result of unimaginably high temperatures and pressures upon materials. Accurate predictions depend on accurate input about the characteristics of those materials — that is, by a full knowledge of their equations of state.

Researchers currently are unable to determine these material characteristics except by the less accurate, more expensive methods of impacting test materials with laser beams, or at lower energies with projectiles from gas-powered guns.

The propulsion technique works by applying the Z machine’s 20 million amps to produce an evolving magnetic field that expands in approximately 200 nanoseconds to reach several million atmospheres pressure. The relatively gentle acceleration produced by the field is similar to that which might be experienced in a smoothly rising high-speed elevator, rather than from the shock imparted by a firearm.

Accelerated to 13 km/sec, the plates are neither distorted, melted, nor vaporized, as they would be if shot from a gun. When the plate is accelerated to a speed about 20 times faster than a bullet, or 20 km/sec, the more forceful acceleration needed to reach higher velocity causes temperatures of 2,500 K to occur in the flyer plate; this liquefies aluminum flyer plates.

Better understanding of launch configurations is expected to eliminate this problem, though liquidation still is superior to the worst alternative of vaporization — the result if conventional acceleration could be used to reach these speeds. (No power can be delivered from a vaporized pellet.) Characteristics of copper and titanium plates are also being investigated.

The plates are accelerated in the vacuum chamber at the core of Sandia’s Z machine, the most powerful producer of electrical discharge on Earth. Sandia scientists last year used Z’s enormous magnetic field to test materials by compressing them — a method called isentropic compression.

In this even newer technique, staggering the firing of Z’s 36 lines eliminates the shock that melts the flyers at the higher velocities. The resultant expansion of the powerful magnetic field is used to propel small objects somewhat the way a surf boarder is propelled who catches one of a succession of enormous waves.

A paper accepted by the Journal of Impact Engineering describes techniques that accelerated the plates to 13 km/sec.

A paper to be submitted this spring to the Journal of Applied Physics shows how improving the configuration of the loads increased the speed of the flyer plates to 20 km/sec.

The work is funded primarily by DOE.

Other Z stories

• New technique tests, may create, materials (August 30, 2000)

• Z, which reaches temperatures of the Sun, to help astronomers interpret Chandra data (November 5, 1999)

• Concept for rapid-fire thermonuclear explosions proposed by Sandia scientists
  (September 13, 1999)

• Sandia researchers push Z machine to new limits to test radiation effects
  (June 16, 1999)

• Sandia formally proposes to design accelerator expected to produce high-yield fusion
  (April 8, 1998)

• Another dramatic climb toward fusion conditions for Sandia Z accelerator
  (March 2, 1998)

• Output of Sandia Z Accelerator Climbs Closer to Fusion
  (August 1, 1997)

• High-Output Sandia Accelerator Able to Predict Nuclear Blast Physics
  (December 2, 1996)

Technical contact:
Marcus Knudson, mdknuds@sandia.gov, (505) 845-7796